A shift in sentence construction occurs when words or phrases intended for one purpose are used for another, upsetting the natural flow of the sentence. Below are examples of three frequent errors that shift sentence construction. Below each error is an example. Sew Your Own Reusable Face Mask. Use aluminium personal product refills. Run a SHiFT Workshop. Plastic consumption has increased since the 1950s and is expected to double to over 600 million tonnes per year by the year 2038. Eat at an ocean friendly restaurant. Remove makeup with reusable cotton wool pads. Shift definition is - to exchange for or replace by another: change. How to use shift in a sentence. Synonym Discussion of shift. Live news, investigations, opinion, photos and video by the journalists of The New York Times from more than 150 countries around the world. Subscribe for coverage of U.S. And international news. Find 141 ways to say SHIFT, along with antonyms, related words, and example sentences at Thesaurus.com, the world's most trusted free thesaurus.
Writers should keep the elements in a sentence consistent, avoiding any unnecessary changes in tense, voice, mood, person, number, and discourse. Such unnecessary changes, or 'shifts,' may make reading difficult and obscure the sentence's meaning for the reader.
Avoid shifts in
1. verb tense
Except for special cases where the intended meaning requires a change in tense, maintain the same tense within a sentence.
Error:- shift in verb tense
The sentence above begins in the past tense but shifts, without reason, to the present tense.
Error repaired
2. voice
The voice of a verb may be either active or passive in a sentence. When a sentence contains two or more verbs, both verbs should maintain the same voice.
Error - shift in voice
The sentence above begins in active voice but shifts without reason to passive voice.
Error repaired
Example - emphasis on subject requires shift in voice
Here, the use of passive allows the sentence to focus on the subject.
3. mood
Shifts in mood often occur with directions, where the mood shifts from indicative to imperative or from imperative to indicative.
Error - shift in mood
Error repaired
4. person
English has three 'persons' or points of view:
- first person - the speaker
I, me, my, mine, we, us, our, ours - second person - the person spoken to
you, your, yours - third person - the person or thing spoken about
he, him, his, she, her, hers, it, its, they, them, their
Unless the meaning of a sentence clearly requires a change, keep person consistent within a sentence.
Shifts in person usually occur with changes from the third to the second person point of view.
Error - shift in person
Error repaired
If the meaning of a sentence clearly requires a change, then you may change person as needed.
Example requiring a change in person
Since both I and the others are doing something in the above sentence, the shift in person is justified.
5. number
Use singular pronouns to refer to singular antecedents; use plural pronouns torefer to plural antecedents.
Error - shift in number
Error repaired
6.discourse
There are two ways to recount someone's words. Each way requires its own format.
A direct quotation gives the exact words of a speaker, surrounding the words with quotation marks.
Example
An indirect quotation paraphrases the speaker's words and does not place them inside quotation marks. Even if the indirect quotation paraphrases a question, the sentence ends with a period.
Example
Note the difference in the formats above:
A shift in discourse occurs when, within a sentence, the writer uses the format of one form and shifts some part to the format of the other.
Example - shift in discourse
Error repaired with indirect discourse
Error repaired with direct discourse
7. sentence construction
A shift in sentence construction occurs when words or phrases intended for one purpose are used for another, upsetting the natural flow of the sentence. Below are examples of three frequent errors that shift sentence construction. Below each error is an example showing one or more ways to repair the error.
Error -prepositional phrase used as subject
Correct
Error - faulty subject
Correct
Using is because, is where, or is when in a sentence often creates a construction shift. Avoid this phrasing.
Error - is because
Correct
Error - is where
Correct
How To Shift Realities Tonight
Error - is when
Correct
Differential
Neutrophils
Neutrophils are so named because they are not well stained by either eosin, a red acidic stain, nor by methylene blue, a basic or alkaline stain. Neutrophils, are also known as 'segs', 'PMNs' or 'polys' (polymorphonuclears). They are the body's primary defense against bacterial infection and physiologic stress. Normally, most of the neutrophils circulating in the bloodstream are in a mature form, with the nucleus of the cell being divided or segmented. Because of the segmented appearance of the nucleus, neutrophils are sometimes referred to as 'segs.' The nucleus of less mature neutrophils is not segmented, but has a band or rod-like shape. Less mature neutrophils - those that have recently been released from the bone marrow into the bloodstream - are known as 'bands' or 'stabs'. Stab is a German term for rod.
Increased neutrophil count
An increased need for neutrophils, as with an acute bacterial infection, will cause an increase in both the total number of mature neutrophils and the less mature bands or stabs to respond to the infection. The term 'shift to the left' is often used when determining if a patient has an inflammatory process such as acute appendicitis or cholecystitis. This term is a holdover from days in which lab reports were written by hand. Bands or stabs, the less mature neutrophil forms, were written first on the left-hand side of the laboratory report. Today, the term 'shift to the left' means that the bands or stabs have increased, indicating an infection in progress.
For example, a patient with acute appendicitis might have a 'WBC count of 15,000 with 65% of the cells being mature neutrophils and an increase in stabs or band cells to 10%'. This report is typical of a 'shift to the left', and will be taken into consideration along with history and physical findings, to determine how the patient's appendicitis will be treated.
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In addition to bacterial infections, neutrophil counts are increased in many inflammatory processes, during physical stress, or with tissue necrosis that might occur after a severe burn or a myocardial infarction. Neutrophils are also increased in granulocytic leukemia.
Decreased neutrophil count
A decrease in neutrophils is known as neutropenia. Although most bacterial infections stimulate an increase in neutrophils, some bacterial infections such as typhoid fever and brucelosis and many viral diseases, including hepatitis, influenza, rubella, rubeola, and mumps, decrease the neutrophil count. An overwhelming infection can also deplete the bone marrow of neutrophils and produce neutropenia. Many antineoplastic drugs used to treat cancer produce bone marrow depression and can significantly lower the neutrophil count. Types of drugs that can produce neutropenia include some antibiotics, the psychotropic drug lithium, phenothiazines, and tricyclic antidepressants.
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Eosinophils
Eosinophils are associated with antigen-antibody reactions. The most common reasons for an increase in the eosinophil count are allergic reactions such as hay fever, asthma, or drug hypersensitivity. Decreases in the eosinophil count may be seen when a patient is receiving corticosteroid drugs.
Basophils
The purpose of basophils is not completely understood. Basophils are phagocytes and contain heparin, histamines, and serotonin. Tissue basophils are also called'mast cells.' Similar to blood basophils, they produce and store heparin, histamine, and serotonin. Basophil counts are used to analyze allergic reactions. An alteration in bone marrow function such as leukemia or Hodgkin's disease may cause an increase in basophils. Corticosteroid drugs, allergic reactions, and acute infections may cause the body's small basophil numbers to decrease.
To Shift Traduction
Lymphocytes
Lymphocytes are the primary components of the body's immune system. They are the source of serum immunoglobulins and of cellular immune response. As a result, they play an important role in immunologic reactions. All lymphocytes are produced in the bone marrow. The B-cell lymphocyte also matures in the bone marrow; the T-cell lymphocyte matures in the thymus gland. The B cells control the antigen-antibody response that is specific to an offending antigen. The T cells are the master immune cells of the body, consisting of T-4 helper cells, killer cells, cytotoxic cells, and suppressor T-8 cells. The majority of lymphocytes that circulate in the blood are T-lymphocytes, rather than B-lymphocytes. To help diagnose immune system deficiencies such as AIDS, the lab does specialized tests of T-lymphocytes. In the WBC, T and B-lymphocytes are reported together. In adults, lymphocytes are the second most common WBC type after neutrophils. In young children under age 8, lymphocytes are more common than neutrophils.
To Shift A320
Lymphocytes increase in many viral infections and with tuberculosis. A common reason for significant lymphocytosis is lymphocytic leukemia. The majority of both acute and chronic forms of leukemia affect lymphocytes.
Due to research on HIV infection, a virus that affects T-lymphocytes, much more is now known about lymphocytes and their functions. HIV causes a reduction in the total number of lymphocytes as well as changes in the ratios of the types of T-lymphocytes. Corticosteroids and other immunosuppressive drugs also cause lymphopenia. A decreased lymphocyte count of less than 500 places a patient at very high risk of infection, particularly viral infections. It is important when the lymphocyte count is low to implement measures to protect the patient from infection.
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Monocytes
Monocytes are the largest cells in normal blood. They act as phagocytes in some inflammatory diseases and are the body's second line of defense against infection. Phagocytic monocytes produce the antiviral substance interferon. Diseases that cause a monocytosis include tuberculosis, malaria, Rocky Mountain spotted fever, monocytic leukemia, chronic ulcerative colitis and regional enteritis
The Body.com is an enormous resource about HIV infection. Visit this link for insight into how the CBC is interpreted in light of HIV infection.
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